In Kohlberg's moral development theory, what is the highest stage that involves universal moral principles?

In Kohlberg's moral development theory, the highest stage that emphasizes universal moral principles is the Post-Conventional Stage. At this stage, individuals make decisions based on abstract principles such as justice, equality, and respect for human rights, rather than merely adhering to the rules of society or the expectations of authority figures.

In the Post-Conventional Stage, moral reasoning is characterized by a commitment to universal ethical principles that transcend specific laws or cultural norms. Individuals in this stage view moral and ethical dilemmas from a broader perspective, considering the implications of their decisions on humanity as a whole.

This level of moral reasoning reflects a mature approach to ethics, where individuals may challenge societal rules if they conflict with their own moral beliefs. The focus is not just on adhering to laws or gaining social approval, but on achieving a deeper understanding of justice and moral integrity. This emphasizes the importance of conscience and ethical reasoning in guiding decisions.

The other stages—Pre-Conventional and Conventional—focus on self-interest and adherence to societal standards, respectively, but do not reach the level of universal moral principles that define the Post-Conventional Stage. An Ethical Stage does not exist within Kohlberg's framework, further reinforcing that Post-Conventional is indeed the highest stage relevant to universal ethics.